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Whatever They Told You About Major Declaration Essay Samples Culp Georgetown Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why A Startling Fact about Major Declaration Essay Samples Culp Georgetown Uncovered For different companies, a no mobile phone policy on the job could be a big turnoff to prospective employees or could hinder employees' ability to find work done. Ask for particular info. Never use a mobile phone when operating equipment. Don't use cell phones to record confidential info. Major Declaration Essay Samples Culp Georgetown Secrets That No One Else Knows About Our objective is to supply you with a professionally written essay on the subject you require. There's several essays completed by them. You must find the proper resources for your essay together with patience when finding the most suitable inspiration to write. Though it's not a difficult science, a strong understanding of philosophy can be quite beneficial to pre-meds. 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The Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency - 1172 Words

Juvenile delinquents are children/adolescents that are between the ages of 10 and 18 and have committed any illegal act that violates the law. These acts arent usually referred to as â€Å"crimes† as they would be for adults. These â€Å"crimes† are committed by minors and are called â€Å"delinquent acts.† These delinquent acts are believed to be caused by a number of factors that include the minors brain development, environment and social interactions. Peer groups are a very strong influence that can cause delinquent behavior in many adolescents. When friends commit crimes, adolescents often pick up the behaviors and rarely see the consequences that follow after the crime is committed. Peer group rejection can also be the cause of juvenile†¦show more content†¦Some states have automatic transfer laws that require juvenile cases to be transferred to adult criminal court under certain pretenses; the offender is a certain age or older 16 and/or The char ges involve a serious or violent offense, such as rape or murder. Usually, juveniles and their attorneys fight to keep a case in juvenile court being that there is a risk it could be transferred. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to being tried in adult criminal court. One being that minors have the right to a jury trial in adult court and juries are usually more lenient and more sympathetic to minors. In some places where jails are crowded the court may be forced to dispose of the juveniles case more quickly and impose a lighter sentencing. Some of the disadvantages for juveniles in adult court are the juveniles are subject to more severe sentences, the judges in adult court do not have the wide range of punishment and treatment options that are available to juvenile court judges; such as imposing a curfew or ordering counseling instead of jail time. in addition the juvenile may have to serve time in adult jail or prison, rather than in juvenile detention centers. Lastly, a conviction in adult criminal court carries more social stigma than a juvenile court judgment does and adult criminal records are harder to seal than juvenile courtShow MoreRelatedCauses And Consequences Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent behavior has been a serious and expensive problem in American society for a prolonged period of time. Although the delinquency rate has declined, it is still one of the highest in comparison to other countries in the world. Discovering a single cause of juvenile delinquency is difficult, but there is no doubt that a combination of various theories and factors could point researchers in the right direction of establishing a source. Theory and researchRead MoreWhat Causes Juvenile Delinquency?758 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Causes and Solutions of Juvenile Delinquency Posted by:  ReadingCraze.com  March 15, 2013 in  Adolescence,  Family and Parenting  Leave a comment Juvenile  delinquency  is also known as teenage crime. It is like any crime that human beings commit but these crime differ becasue they are committed by young people. Before coming of age  girls and boys  have less understanding of the world. Parents, friends and teachers are all responsible along with the juvenile who commit a crime. This is why courts do notRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Juvenile Delinquency1859 Words   |  8 Pages Causes of juvenile delinquency Alyssa Salcido PSYC 4397 Senior Seminar April 19, 2016 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile delinquency can be defined as the involvement in illegal actions by persons under the age of 18 years. Researchers have found that in the kindergarten years, early disruptive behaviors such as severe hostility and repeated rule violation have been associated with later criminal actions (Nakaya, 2005). Depending on the type and brutality of the crime, itRead MoreCause And Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile crime is an increasing concern, in which numerous theorist continue to assert the probable causes and effects of juvenile delinquency (peaking during teenage phase 15-19) and its increasing provocations into adulthood (declining during the early twenties 40-60%) (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Offenders that were severely delinquent and violent during early youth (below age twelve) posed a higher probability of continuity of offending into the adult phase, in which a Pittsburgh YouthRead MoreThe Causes of Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesright directions. A teen’s peers also play a large role in how the teen behaves when the parents are not around. A teen’s social environment, consisting of family and peers, plays a vital role in their life, therefore becoming the ultimate cause of juvenile delinquency. A finding that emerges very strongly and consistently is that delinquents have very poor relationships with their parents† (Gove 303-304). The teens who commit crimes often lack a parental figure in their lives. These teens are not strictlyRead MoreCauses and Solution of Juvenile Delinquency in America Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesevery year the FBI arrests more than 3300 young adults under the age of 18† (Khan).Juvenile delinquency can be caused by the influence gangs,bullying, and bad parenting. This topic caught my attention because there a lot of kids getting arrested each year for crimes committed and kids getting involved in gangs, also kids getting access to weapons,drugs, or getting bully by other people. However juvenile delinquency can be prevented by offering bullying prevention, violence prevention curriculumsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Cause Juvenile Delinquency1156 Words   |  5 PagesNeglect cause Juvenile Delinquency Strain theory describes the idea that there are certain events and conditions in an individual’s life that are disliked and involve the inability to achieve goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli (Brezina and Agnew). Child neglect and abuse can be described by this theory, and often is, because of its elements and the effect it has on children. Before the idea of child abuse and neglect causing juvenile delinquency can beRead MoreFactors That Cause The Increase Rate Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesthat cause the increase rate of Juvenile delinquencies. A survey research design will be used. Simple random sampling technique will be used while questionnaire and interview schedule will be necessary data collection instruments. This project will use the findings to know how to reduce the increasing rates of juvenile delinquency and also how to improve the current juvenile institutions available in order to be more pr oductive. Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Juvenile delinquencyRead MoreEssay on The Most Prevalent Causes of Juvenile Delinquency1164 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile delinquency is a problem these days, despite a recent drop in arrests. Roughly 2.5 million juveniles are arrested every year for different crimes in America. About 100,000 of those are violent crimes, however those statistics are slightly inaccurate since only half of juvenile crimes are reported (Juvenile Justice Basic Statistics, 2011). Creating interventions to assist at-risk youth means preventing them from starting on a path to crime is a priority. Juvenile justice system researchersRead MoreCauses Of Juvenile Delinquency. Authors John Hagan And1601 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Juvenile Delinquency Authors John Hagan and Bill McCarthy of Cambridge University offer an insight between the relationship between juveniles and their participation to criminal activities. According to them, the primary theories they employed in understanding the dynamics of youth taking to the street are control theory and strain theory (Benjamin, 1999). Through control theory, the authors point out erratic parenting, family deprivation, neglect and abuse and other forms of parental rejection

Entrepreneurship for Journal of Multidisciplinary- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship for Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship is the key to building an economy. This is how new businesses take shape and eventually build brands. Entrepreneurship feeds on innovation and it is important for a new business to try something new and offer to their customers. In this course of entrepreneurship we have learnt various important aspects of entrepreneurship and I am sure they will help me in the future. I have plans of opening my own restaurant which would offer a variety of cuisines and an excellent infrastructure. This course has helped me in understanding various theories that would help me with this venture. A few classes were very interesting like the concept of lean start up. This helped me get in line with the present day startup formation techniques. The business model canvas that we learnt today, I have applied on my venture and I will continue to update it regularly. I also read and understood about serial entrepreneurs and their attributes. And most importantly I learnt about social media marketing which is very prominent in the present day scenario and is expected to gain further ground. I will surely be using the strategies that I learnt through the curriculum in my venture and I am sure it would bear good fruits. I am maintaining this log so that I can go back to these logs when I actually start working. This log book is practically my handbook for the venture. I have recorded up to 10 logs of the topics that I felt were most crucial to my entrepreneurial venture. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the procedure of starting a new business with a purpose of making profit (Schaper, 2014). In this course I learnt various aspects about entrepreneurship that I did not know before. I have come to understand the concept of market segmentation and target markets which help businesses in connecting with the right audience and ensuring that their needs are fulfilled (Kiel, 2014). Market segmentation is the process of dividing the market into various customer segments who have similar needs. This segmentation can be done on the basis of gender, class, income group, lifestyle, geographic location, demography, age group and other such factors. I have learnt that this segmentation helps firms in understand the needs and targeting the right set of customers for their products. I have always wanted to open my own restaurant and this session helped me understand that it is important for me to find my target audience. I would now understand how I can strategically divide my m arket into various segments in order to make sure my restaurant offers food that suits these market segments. I will also need to ensure that my restaurant promotions are done in the right geographic locations in order to reach out to these customers. The lecturer also mentioned that how it is important for entrepreneurs to innovate their offerings in order to gain a competitive advantage. This is why I will perform a research about all the nearby restaurants and analyze their ambience, food quality, menu offered, service efficiency and pricing strategy. This would give me a better understanding about the existing competition in the area and hence help me evaluate how I can differentiate my restaurant in terms of its offerings (MacKenzie, 2014). Business model canvas Business model canvas was taught to us during this course. This is the tool to help entrepreneurs document current business model or build new business models. This model acts like a blackboard that helps in viewing the entire business idea in a single page (Vargas, 2015). The canvas throws light on four aspects of the business, Financial, infrastructure, customers and offering. The infrastructure aspect of the business informs the marketer about the key activities, key resources and partner network of the organization. The financial aspect of the model tells us about the sources of incomes and the cost incurred. The customer aspect of the model tells us about who our customers will be and how can they be reached effectively. Lastly the offering aspect of the model tells us about exactly what is it that we would be offering to our customers (Coes, 2014). For the restaurant that I intend to open, I have tried to apply the business model canvas to gain greater insight about my business proposition (Chesbrough, 2013). While I was working on it, I got a much greater understanding of the details of my business plan. I will continue to work upon and improvise this business model canvas till the inception of the business. Key Partners Key activities Value Proposition Customer relations Customer segments Two key partners including myself and my father. 1. Cooking food 2. Marketing and PR activities. 3. Cleaning and infrastructure development 4. Finances and accounting. 5. Customer service. 6. Home delivery service. 7. Parcel and take away. 1. Serving quality food to the customers. 2. Providing customers with a comfortable ambience where they can interact with friends as well as conduct official meetings. 3. Parcel, take away and home delivery facility available. 1. Effective customer service. 2. Quick delivery. 3. Prior booking on order. 1. Youth will be targeted for the caf. 2. Families would be targeted for fine dining. 3. Corporates would be targeted to conduct office parties, get together and deliveries. Key Resources Channels 1. Human resources including managers, waiters, chefs and accountant. 2. Financial resources required to set up the restaurant. 3. Land and building of the restaurant. 1. Television and newspaper advertisements. 2. Social media marketing. 3, word of mouth. 4. Bill boards and pamphlets. Cost Structure Revenue Structure 1. Rent 2. Electricity and water expense 3. Infrastructure expense 4. Raw material expense 5. Salaries of employees. 6. Marketing expense 1. Service fee received from customers. 2. In the future, franchise would be sold. Social media marketing Social media marketing is one of the most crucial forms of marketing applied and used by marketers today. This includes promoting a product or a service via internet based social media platforms including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest, LinkedIn and similar others (Tuten, 2017). We learnt that if social media is used effectively to promote a particular product, it is even possible to go viral and reach out to a much wider audience using a single platform. Everyone is on Facebook today and hence most companies have also built their own Facebook page. This page has now become a medium of communication between the customer and the business (Kaur, 2016). Social media has also been successful in keeping the business on its toes by ensuring that organizations respond to customer queries and address their grievances (Packer, 2011). If any business effectively addresses customers on these public platforms, it not only helps in customer relationship building but also helps the business establish and maintain a successful brand image in the world. For example, recently a customer in India tweeted by asking people to choose between Ola and Uber cab service for an inter-city ride. Even though Uber has a larger market share, Ola quickly took advantage of this opportunity and offered the customer a free ride. Within a few hours, this news went viral and was covered by leading news channels and social media pages. Although this cost the cab service provider additional money but the brand image that was built was completely worth the effort. For my restaurant I have decided to use Facebook as a medium to promote the events happening at the restaurant and spread more awareness about the business. On the other hand, I would be sharing the picture of the food and ambience on Instagram and Pinterest. Snapchat can also be used to upload stories about various events organized at the restaurant. Moreover, if there is a special event like live music or standup comedy show, the going live feature of Facebook and Instagram can be used to reach to a wider audience and share live updates about the event with our followers. Start up lessons learnt During this course I have learnt the many challenges that can be faced by an entrepreneur. This helped me prepare better. There are many types of stakeholders that I would have to deal with. These stakeholders would include my financers, investors, customers of the restaurant as well as the employees who work there. As the owner I need to take care of many things. Therefore what I learnt is that I need to maintain and build strong and long term relationships with people which would help my business grow. I learnt that I must maintain my finances well and be prepared in case of any unseen crisis. I learnt that I will consistently revise and analyze my business plan so as to make sure that I am prepared for any roadblocks if faced. The lean start up The lean start up is the new methodology that is slowly gaining ground. We learnt how lean start up is different from a regular start up that existed before. Such startups do not believe in making long business plans for 5 years. They rather efficiently use tools like the business model canvas explained above. It is strongly believed that it is impossible to judge or forecast the market situation for the next five years especially in such a fast changing scenario. Therefore lean startups have quickened the entire process of a startup and by creating a product and taking feedback (Ries, 2011). The product development cycle of such startups is very small (Blank, 2013). For my restaurant I could keep a feedback box in place, carefully examine Zomato reviews or even personally ask customers for any additions or variations that are required and do so quickly. This would help me be up to date and analyze consumer demand quickly. Guerrilla marketing and the drop box case study There are many concepts which were explained to us with the help of real market cases. One of the concepts that I found really interesting was guerrilla marketing. This is the process of marketing and promoting the product with little budget (Hutter, 2011). Dropbox is a downloadable application which allows its users to share, store and sync files, images, videos or documents. At present, drop box has a user base of 7 million. Drop box founder Drew Houston did not want to invest heavily in marketing and hence resorted to promoting word of mouth marketing and referrals. Drop boxs 4 million users produced 2.8 million direct invites (Eisenmann, 2012). Drop box also introduced a vote box which allowed users to give feedback about the drop box and recommend changes on the same. The team managed to garner immense insight on user preferences with the help of vote box. I am planning to open the restaurant by taking a loan from the bank. Which is why it is crucial that I set and implement the right budget in my business. The idea of offering discounts to customers who refer my restaurant to other potential customers can help me increase sales and spread word of mouth publicity. Over the time, I will launch an application to order food from the restaurant but ordering food from website will be possible from day 1. Anyone who makes an account on the website or application, gets their own referral code and 10% discount would be added to their account when anyone else orders using their code. Digital entrepreneurship Digital entrepreneurship can mean starting a new business which uses technology or simply updating an already existing venture with the help of IT. This involves the usage of mobile phones, internet, cloud computing, web analytics and cyber solutions. It was one of the most interesting courses I have ever studied. And the advent and growth of digitalization of the world today is truly phenomenal. The usage of social media has already been explained above but now many businesses are also using SEO (Search engine optimization) as well as SEM (Search engine marketing) in order to target the right customers and be more approachable to their audience (Nambisan, 2017). I have learnt that a digitalization of a particular company might mean there is digitalization of process, nature of goods and services, digital selling or digital marketing activities. A digital entrepreneur is the founder of a digital company. Such entrepreneurs must be innovative, well versed with customer needs and have a strong knowledge about information technology (Kelestyn, 2014). Big firms like Amazon, Air BnB, Netflix or Uber have garnered many million customers because of the digitalized nature of their product or the channels they use. In order to make sure that my restaurant will be up to date with the latest technology, I can look at building a digital menu. The idea of a digital menu is that it is easy to update and more precise as the customer enters the order for himself leading to no miscommunication. The menu would also have the feature of upselling items by recommending paired dishes automatically. At the same time, this menu can be seen in multiple languages which would assist foreign customers to order in their own language. To dare and to fail This was one of the guest lectures which was very motivating. This course taught us that almost 75% of the startups fail. The founders of amazon, Flipkart and various other startups experimented and failed many times before they finally hit success. Once we can dream of starting our own business, there is no looking back. This does not mean that we will not fail but what this means is that it is important that we learn from our failures and start again. In fact coping with this failure is the key for entrepreneurial success (Yamakawa, 2015). Many thought leaders say that it is important to face failure before one can taste success because the kind of lessons that failure gives pave the way for future success. How one copes with an entrepreneurial failure is also very crucial (Cope, 2011). If a business fails, it is crucial to in detail understand the reasons behind this failure so that the same mistakes are not repeated again. I will make sure that in my restaurant, every negative feedback is also taken constructively. If there is any issue with accounting, finances or human resources, I will try my best to identify the issue at a nascent stage and improve it. I would also invest time and reading about and researching upon similar ventures and their success and failure stories and attempt to learn from them as well. While I was researching more on the topic, I read that failed entrepreneurs can be divided into four categories. These categories are boiled frog, drowned frog, bull frog and Tadpole. A boiled frog is an entrepreneur who does not notice the changes around him like competition, demand, changing consumer lifestyles or recession etc. A drowned frog is an entrepreneur who tries to spread out into different aspects of the business and lacks the necessary skills for it (Ropega, 2011). A bull frog is an entrepreneur who let early success get to their heads and are smitten by vanity. They believe nothing is above them and fail to realize how this attitude can impact their business. And lastly, tadpoles are entrepreneurs who never fulfil their promise and hence remain tadpoles in the entire course of the business (Huffington post, 2012) Differentiation In this course I learnt an important thing called product or service differentiation and how is it so important to survive the competition existing today. This process includes attempting to make your product or service different from those existing in the market (Armstrong, 2015). In the current scenario where the competition is so cut throat, it is important that we offer something different to our customer. It is important to know that this product differentiation creates first time customers. Therefore it is important that once these customers have been introduced to the business, they are valued and served efficiently in order to retain them. The differentiation in product or service can be accomplished by either creating a different product, targeting a different market, pricing the product differently or even using different channels to reach out to customers (Kotler, 2012). Most leaders believe that the customer demands are ever changing that is why it is crucial to continuou sly keep ourselves aware of the market environment, have a thorough competitive analysis and innovate new or differentiated offerings that suit the need of our target customers. Samsung or Apple have survived in the market since many years solely because they continue to offer different products and are consistently updating their products to suit the customer demands as well as match up to the offerings of competing brands (Lee, 2011). However, it is important that the differentiation is well thought of, researched and then introduced in the market. It is not necessary that every different business idea will be a successful one. Pepsi once introduced blue Pepsi in order to create a different impact and change their offering from their competitor Coca-Cola. However, not only was the product discarded by the consumers but the company also faced severe losses. This is why upon introducing a new product, it can be first launched to a smaller target, taken a feedback and then introduced for everyone else. Serial entrepreneur In this course we learnt an interesting concept of serial entrepreneurship. A serial entrepreneur, as the name suggests, is someone who starts a business and once it is established, and delegates the responsibility of the business and goes on to start another business (Amaral, 2011). Serial entrepreneurs may or may not even sell their previous businesses. Richard Branson is one of the most suited example for a serial entrepreneur. The owner of virgin group has extended over 300 businesses till date. Some ventures like virgin Atlantic and virgin music are largely successful but the firm has faced severe losses in the form of virgin vodka, virgin brides, virgin clothing and even virgin cola. However, not once did these failures stop Branson from continuing to introduce something new. We learnt various traits of serial entrepreneurs that are innate within people who love to start new business and face new challenges. They love the idea of starting something afresh and problems that come with it. They work round the clock and have efficient time management skills. They have an innate quality of being able to drive the business to scale. They can bring any small business into a growth trajectory much faster than others. By now they have experienced so many setbacks that it is easy for them to identify the problems they might be facing and prepare for it beforehand. These serial entrepreneurs built strategic relationships that eventually helps them in the course of their business. They have an insatiable curiosity to know the when, how and why of everything. It is important that serial entrepreneurs are curious as it helps them work upon new ideas and create new businesses in order to satisfy that curiosity. Lastly, as a serial entrepreneur it is important to know wh en to move on. This is one of the most crucial things in serial entrepreneurship. Moving on too soon can mean that you have not fully borne the fruits of your labor and moving on too late will can exhaust resources. Therefore it is important when to cut your losses and move on. References: Amaral, A. M., Baptista, R., Lima, F. (2011). Serial entrepreneurship: impact of human capital on time to re-entry.Small Business Economics,37(1), 1-21. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Blank, S. (2013). Why the lean start-up changes everything.Harvard business review,91(5), 63-72. Chesbrough, H., Di Minin, A., Piccaluga, A. (2013). Business model innovation paths. InNew business models and value creation: A service science perspective(pp. 45-66). Springer Milan. Coes, D. H. (2014).Critically assessing the strengths and limitations of the Business Model Canvas(Master's thesis, University of Twente). Cope, J. (2011). Entrepreneurial learning from failure: An interpretative phenomenological analysis.Journal of business venturing,26(6), 604-623. Eisenmann, T. R., Pao, M., Barley, L. (2012).Dropbox:" It Just Works". Harvard Business School Pub... Entrepreneur, 2017, Traits of a serial entrepreneur, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/252947, retrieved on 28 November, 2017. Huffington Post, 2012, Coping with failure is the key for Entrepreneurial success, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/11/12/coping-with-failure-is-key-to-entrepreneurial-success_n_2115792.html, retrieved on 23 November, 2017. Hutter, K., Hoffmann, S. (2011). Guerrilla marketing: The nature of the concept and propositions for further research.Asian Journal of Marketing,5(2), 39-54. Kaur, G. (2016). Social Media Marketing.Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,4(7). Kelestyn, B., Henfridsson, O. (2014). Everyday digital entrepreneurship: The inception, shifts, and scaling of future shaping practices. Kiel, I. H. (2014). Entrepreneurial marketing. Kotler, P. (2012).Kotler on marketing. Simon and Schuster. Lee, N. R., Kotler, P. (2011).Social marketing: Influencing behaviors for good. Sage. MacKenzie, N., Jones-Evans, D., Gkikas, A. (2014). Effectiveness and importance of innovation on business performance: evidence from high-growth SMEs. InInternational Council of Small Business World Conference. Nambisan, S. (2017). Digital entrepreneurship: Toward a digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,41(6), 1029-1055. Packer, R. (2011). Social media marketing.The Art of Conversational Sales. WSI. Ries, E. (2011).The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses. Crown Books. Ropega, J. (2011). The reasons and symptoms of failure in SME.International Advances in Economic Research,17(4), 476-483. Schaper, M. T., Volery, T., Weber, P. C., Gibson, B. (2014).Entrepreneurship and small business. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2017).Social media marketing. Sage. Vargas, I. S., Calva, A. L. G., Camacho, J. H. (2015). Business model canvas.Ciencias Huasteca Boletn Cientfico de la Escuela Superior de Huejutla,3(5). Yamakawa, Y., Peng, M. W., Deeds, D. L. (2015). Rising from the ashes: Cognitive determinants of venture growth after entrepreneurial failure.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(2), 209-236.

Tap Water Pros and Cons free essay sample

Furthermore, he  claims fluoride causes dental and skeletal fluorosis,  damages DNA repair enzymes, and increases your risk for cancer, hypothyroidism,  genetic damage, and osteoporosis. | Water system operators have to be certified. | Higher lead levels are allowed in tap water than bottled water because lead pipes usually carry water from utility companies to homes. Tap water lead levels are set at 15 ppb and bottled water is set at 5 ppb. | To make water safe, bacteria and other organisms are killed when chlorine or another disinfectant is added. Potential health affectsfrom microorganisms, disinfectants and their byproducts, inorganic and organic chemicals, and radionuclides include everything from eye/nose irritations to kidney and liver diseases. | The EPA gives you access to your  annual local water quality report. | Giardia and Cryptosporidium are resistant to chlorine and can make their way into tap water if there are sanitation breakdowns. | No recycling issues as i s the case for bottled water. We will write a custom essay sample on Tap Water Pros and Cons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | There are 170,000 different water suppliers, which means the quality of water in one area can be worse or better than the uality of water in another area. | Bottled Water Pros and Cons Pros| Cons| Monitored and regulated by the  U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). | The  Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC)  claims plastic bottles contain phthalates, which can leach into bottled drinking water. | Versatile and easy to take places. | According to  NRDC, there are no strict limitations as to the number of contaminants  that can be found in bottled water, such as E coli, arsenic, or pthalates. According to  Competitive Enterprize Institute (CEI), special treatments to remove impurities—such as distillation or ozonation—are performed on top of municipal filtrations by certain bottled water manufacturers, such as Aquafina and Dasani. | Seventeen million barrels of oil are used to make and deliver bottled water. According to the website,  Ask Pablo, that amounts to 22 cents for every imported bottle of water. | According to  CEI, bottled water offers consistent quality control, as each bottle is of the same quality as the previous one. | Bottled water processes often remove fluoridation benefits. Lead levels for tap water are lower for bottled water than tap. According to  Mama’s Health, tap water is set at 15 parts per billion (ppb) and bottled water is set at 5 ppb. | According to the  NRDC, bottled water manufacturer’s do not have to list the water’s source, so bottled water could conceivably come from one of the 170,000 municipal water suppliers. | Bottled water comes in alot of varieties, from fizzy to flavored to vitamin enhanced. | According to the  NRDC, bottled water manufacturer’s do not have to list how the water has been treated. Moreover, bottled water undergoes less testing than tap water. | According to  Mama’s Health, EPA   and FDA water standards are nearly identical because the FDA usually adopts the EPA’s standards for bottled water. | According to a 2005  MSNBC  report, 40 million bottled a day are going into the trash and only 12% of plastic bottled are recycled, which is hard on the environment. | Bottled mineral water offers health benefits. | According to  Search Warp, bottled water is only regulated across states lines, so if a company sells their water in the same state as they bottle it, FDA regulations don’t apply. | ,

Bacteria and Food Poisoning

Bacteria and Food Poisoning The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that around 80 million people a year in the U.S. alone contract food poisoning or other foodborne diseases. Foodborne illness is caused by eating or drinking food that contains disease causing agents. The most common causes of foodborne diseases are bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Foods containing toxic chemicals can cause foodborne diseases as well. Typically, our immune system fights off germs to prevent illness. However, some bacteria and viruses have developed ways of avoiding immune system defenses and causing sickness. These germs release proteins that help them avoid detection by white blood cells. In addition, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become increasingly prevalent and a worldwide public health issue. Strains of resistant E. coli and MRSA have become increasingly proficient at causing infection and avoiding immune defenses. These germs can survive on everyday objects and cause disease. There are over two hundred types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause foodborne diseases. Reactions to these germs can range from mild gastric and digestive system discomfort to death. The easiest way to prevent foodborne illness is to properly handle and cook foods. This includes washing and drying your hands, washing utensils carefully, replacing kitchen sponges often, and cooking meat thoroughly. Below is a list of a few bacteria that cause foodborne diseases, along with the foods that are associated with them, as well as symptoms that are likely to develop from ingesting the contaminated foods. Bacteria That Cause Foodborne Illness Microbe - Aeromonas hydrophilaAffiliated Foods - Fish, Shellfish, Beef, Pork, Lamb, and PoultryDiseases - Gastroenteritis, SepticemiaSymptoms - Diarrhea, Blood and Mucus in Stool    Microbe - Bacillus cereu Affiliated Foods - Meats, Milk, Rice, Potato, and Cheese ProductsDiseases - B. cereus Food PoisoningSymptoms - Diarrhea, Abdominal Cramps, Nausea    Microbe - Campylobacter jejuni Affiliated Foods - Raw Chicken, Unpasteurized Milk, Non-chlorinated WaterDiseases - B. cereus CampylobacteriosisSymptoms - Diarrhea, Abdominal Cramps, Nausea and Fever, Headache and Muscle Pain    Microbe - Clostridium botulinum Affiliated Foods - Canned Foods Including: Vegetables, Meats, and SoupsDiseases - Foodborne BotulismSymptoms - Weakness, Double Vision and Vertigo, Difficulty in Speaking, Swallowing, and Breathing, Constipation    Microbe - Clostridium perfringens Affiliated Foods - Non-refrigerated Prepared Foods: Meats and Meat Products, GravyDiseases - Perfringens Food PoisoningSymptoms - Severe Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea    Microbe - Escherichia coli O157:H7Affiliated Foods - Undercooked Meats, Raw Ground BeefDiseases - Hemorrhagic colitisSymptoms - Severe Abdominal Pain, Watery and Bloody Diarrhea, Vomiting    Microbe - Listeria monocytogenes Affiliated Foods - Dairy Products, Raw Vegetables, Raw Meats, Smoked FishDiseases - ListeriosisSymptoms - Flu-like Symptoms, Persistent Fever, Nausea and Vomiting, Diarrhea    Microbe - Salmonella spp. Affiliated Foods - Poultry and Eggs, Milk and Dairy Products, Raw Meats, Fish, Shrimp, Peanut ButterDiseases - SalmonellosisSymptoms - Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Fever, Headache, Diarrhea    Microbe - Shigella spp Affiliated Foods - Poultry, Milk and Dairy Products, Raw Vegetables, Fecally contaminated water, Salads: Potato, Chicken, Tuna, ShrimpDiseases - ShigellosisSymptoms - Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain, Fever, Vomiting, Blood or Mucus in Stool    Microbe - Staphylococcus aureus Affiliated Foods - Poultry and Egg Products, Meat Products, Dairy ProductsDiseases - Staphyloenterotoxicosis, StaphyloenterotoxemiaSymptoms - Abdominal Cramping, Nausea and Vomiting, Prostration    Microbe - Vibrio cholerae Affiliated Foods - Contaminated Water, ShellfishDiseases - CholeraSymptoms - Watery Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain, Dehydration, Vomiting, Shock For additional information on bacteria, food poisoning, and foodborne diseases, take a look at the Bad Bug Book. Again, the single most important thing you can do to prevent foodborne illness is to keep your environment clean when preparing food. This includes washing your hands with soap and water and sanitizing utensils and counter tops. In addition, it is vital that you cook meats thoroughly to ensure that germs are killed.

Geography of the Country of Belize - World Atlas

Geography of the Country of Belize - World Atlas Population: 314,522 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: BelmopanBordering Countries: Guatemala and MexicoLand Area: 8,867 square miles (22,966 sq km)Coastline: 320 miles (516 km)Highest Point: Doyles Delight at 3,805 feet (1,160 m)Belize is a country located in Central America and it is bordered to the north by Mexico, to the south and west by Guatemala and to the east by the Caribbean Sea. It is a diverse country with various cultures and languages. Belize also has the lowest population density in Central America with 35 people per square mile or 14 people per square kilometer. Belize is also known for its extreme biodiversity and distinctive ecosystems.History of BelizeThe first people to develop Belize were the Maya around 1500 B.C.E. As shown in archeological records, they established a number of settlements there. These include Caracol, Lamanai and Lubaantun. The first European contact with Belize occurred in 1502 when Christopher Columbus reached the areas coast. In 1638, the first Eu ropean settlement was established by England and for 150 years, many more English settlements were set up. In 1840, Belize became a Colony of British Honduras and in 1862, it became a crown colony. For one hundred years after that, Belize was a representative government of England but in January 1964, full self government with a ministerial system was granted. In 1973, the regions name was changed from British Honduras to Belize and on September 21, 1981, full independence was achieved.Government of BelizeToday, Belize is a parliamentary democracy within the British Commonwealth. It has an executive branch filled by Queen Elizabeth II as chief of state and a local head of government. Belize also has a bicameral National Assembly that is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate members are selected by appointment while the members of the House of Representatives are elected by direct popular votes every five years. Belizes judicial branch is comprised of the Summary Jurisdiction Courts, District Courts, the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, the Privy Council in the U.K. and the Caribbean Court of Justice. Belize is divided into six districts (Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek and Toledo) for local administration.Economics and Land Use in BelizeTourism is the largest international revenue generator in Belize as its economy is very small and consists mainly of small private enterprises. Belize does export some agricultural products though - the largest of these include bananas, cacao, citrus, sugar, fish, cultured shrimp and lumber. The main industries in Belize are garment production, food processing, tourism, construction and oil. Tourism is large in Belize because it is a tropical, mainly undeveloped area with abundant recreation and Mayan historical sites. In addition, ecotourism is increasing in the country today.Geography, Climate and Biodiversity of BelizeBelize is a relatively small country with mainly flat terrain. On the coast it has a swampy coastal plain that is dominated by mangrove swamps and in the south and the interior there are hills and low mountains. Most of Belize is undeveloped and is forested with hardwoods. Belize is a part if the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot and it has many jungles, wildlife reserves, a large variety of different species of flora and fauna and the largest cave system in Central America. Some species of Belize include the black orchid, the mahogany tree, the toucan and tapirs.The climate of Belize is tropical and is therefore very hot and humid. It has a rainy season which lasts from May to November and a dry season lasting from February to May.More Facts about Belize Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language Regional languages of Belize are Kriol, Spanish, Garifuna, Maya and Plautdietsch Belize has one of the lowest population densities in the world The main religions in Belize are Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Mennonite, other Protestant, Muslim, Hindu and BuddhistTo learn more about Belize, visit the Belize section in Geography and Maps on this websit e. ReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (27 May 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Belize. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bh.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Belize: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107333.htmlUnited States Department of State. (9 April 2010). Belize. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1955.htmWikipedia.com. (30 June 2010). Belize - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize

Critical analysis of petition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical analysis of petition - Essay Example The college’s rationale into college algebra in the applicant’s curriculum is to satisfy the college’s minimum level mathematics competence into the course, to meet requirements for graduation, to develop an all round academic competence, and to be creative. Either the applicant meets the threshold for the reasons or the reasons are unrealistic to the applicant’s objectives and potential benefits to the society. The applicant’s experience that identify academic competence in algebra, professional application of mathematical concepts, potentials as an all round person, and the ability to outsource expertise in mathematics also justify the application for waiver. He records that he â€Å"already poses ample math skills,† and was â€Å"a machine and welding contractor† an area in which h applied algebra (Adams n.p.). A utilitarian perspective to the issue would consider the benefits that the college’s requirement for a college alge bra unit would offer to a student, the university, and the entire community that the college and the student will serve. For a student, inclusion of college algebra is justified if the unit is fundamental to the student’s profession or subsequent academic programs and if the student has not shown competence in the unit. Factors such as excellence in a similar unit and previous application of the unit’s concepts in the applicant’s profession and at advanced levels however mean that undertaking the course will not benefit the student. The requirement will also not benefit the school’s objective in the student because the student has already developed relevant competence to the college’s interest. This further means that the society derives no benefit from the requirement. The requirement also denies the applicant... The essay is related to an author, who is an Indian American and a student at the Arizona State University undertaking justice studies. His concern is that while the university requires him to take an algebra course, registering for the unit will require him to take one more semester in his current course and this will mean missing ASU College of Law entry in the fall 1993 and yet the course unit will not add value to his profession. This paper analyzes the submission and argues in its support. In the analysis of the essay, we go through the cons and pros of the situation. The pros would be that Adams’s plea for a waiver on the mathematics requirement is valid and his reasons justify this. The college’s rationale into college algebra in the applicant’s curriculum is to satisfy the college’s minimum level mathematics competence into the course, to meet requirements for graduation, to develop an all round academic competence, and to be creative. With cons, i t is however an alternative perspective regarding the waiver. The college has set its requirements for college algebra as a â€Å"minimum level of math competency† into the course and â€Å"to satisfy the university’s math requirement† for graduation and professionals agree to its existence (Adams n.p.). This means that it has been applicable to other learners and rule ethics as well as equality supports its application on the applicant. The conclusion of the essay tells us right away that Adams is an adult learner with work experience.

British Cultural Changes in the 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

British Cultural Changes in the 1960s - Essay Example It is very certain that the experience of the World War II had a very severe impact and was the main reason that led to these changes. It is because of the Second World War that people wanted more. The British people demanded a higher level of equality and fairness (Gilbert, 1992, p. 67). It was after the World War 2 that the Britons realized that everyone had a part to play in social responsibility, and education was entitled to everyone. It was also a common belief in Britain that the British government could control the economy and ensure that their dreams were fulfilled. The British people went to great lengths to ensure that their dreams were fulfilled but still, they did not attain what they wanted. It is during the periods of the 1960s that attention was brought on the weakness of what the people wanted and strived to obtain. Many in Britain’s history consider the period of the 1960s as a watershed socially. It is also during this time that the idea of youth culture was fully developed and in action. The youth culture led to the greater rejection of the British culture together with other traditions. It is also during this period that individualism became more common and rampant (Harris, p. 228). Ideally, the British youth expressed greater dissatisfaction with the British political system, and they expressed it far more willingly (Tames, 1983, p. 231). The result for this is a greater individuality and withdrawal from the British culture. The changes of the 1960s set the pace for the following decades, and it can be agreed that Britain is still dealing with the fallout of the 1960s. So that one can understand the changes that took place in the 1960s, it will be valuable to know what took place in Britain during the world war and immediately after the world war.

Gang Violence in American Schools Essay Example for Free

Gang Violence in American Schools Essay Did you ever have to move because your kids were bullied at school? Is the community you are living in is unsafe with gang violence and you were afraid your kids will grow up to be a notorious gangster? You believe the ideal place to raise a family is in a higher income suburban area where the school system is better and your kids will be free from violence. You might want to think again. In fact, youth â€Å"gangs, now more violent than ever, are spreading to new locations† (Gaustad, 1 ) all across the country, including public schools. Gangs are moving suburban areas to recruit more members to expand their gang group. They are using new members to distribute drugs because it is appealing to young children and profitable. It is causing an increase in violence in schools because other gang group does not get along with another set of gang. Kids are scared to go to school because they are afraid they might get bullied and attack. The dropout rates has increase, more weapons are being brought to school endangering lives. School properties are being vandalized with school logos and teachers are getting injured from trying to intervene (Capozzoli and McVey, 81). Gang violence in school are getting worse that school officials, community members, and law enforcements are coming together to figure out solutions. The three solutions that seems to be showing a great impact in reducing gang violence in American schools are school uniforms, peer mediation programs, and after school programs. School uniforms are the first solution that will help cut back gang violence in American schools. Gangs use colors, certain types of clothing, and bandanas to symbolize what group they are from or associate themselves with. Students that are not involved in gangs are unable to walk down the school hallway without being accuse they are involve with a rival gang due to the color shirt he or she may be wearing. School uniforms are typically seen in private or foreign country’s schools to indicate a business-like atmosphere ( Skiba, 10). Now it is becoming more common in public schools because it keeps pupils in similar clothing. The typical school uniforms usually consist of khaki pants and collar shirts. Female pupils are sometimes in a skirt that goes down past their knees. The colors of the collar shirts vary depending on what schools students attend. School uniforms will end gang members from wearing clothing indicating what group they are from. This will help reduce violence between rival gangs because it will be difficult to point out what gang another student associate themselves with. Students will be able to concentrate more on learning than worrying about getting attack. Not only does uniform help reduce the violence but it also help schools bring unity together and help pupils who come from a family with financial difficulty feel less pressure to dress a certain way to fit in (Lopez, 4). The Long Beach Unified School District decided to establish a school uniform policy during the 1990’s to help pupils further their education in an elementary school. The school district had supports from parents who feared for their child’s safety while they were walking to school and mistaken to be a rival gang member due to the color clothing they were wearing. Violence has dropped 86% after the school uniform policy been established for 5 years (Lopez, 4). Murray states,† higher student ratings of the quality of school climate in schools with a uniform policy† after studies was done on two North Carolina schools (qtd. in Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence, 10). The second solution are peer mediation programs. Peer mediation is a program that involves people who are chosen and educated to resolves issues between individuals that has dispute with one another. The program is used in schools, youth centers, and juvenile justice setting to help young people learn how to solve their conflict through talking it out instead of using violence. Peer mediation programs are used to help decrease lockdowns, suspensions, detentions, and to bring positive atmosphere. Instead of adults trying to diffuse the conflict between young people, the program gives students the ability to help their peer s figure out a solution to their conflict with one another. It also allows the disputers to be more open and able to express why they are conflicting with the other student. Young people tend to feel more comfortable and connect better with people their own age because they feel they won’t be judged. Students are the initiator of confrontations among other students. They have to be neutral and must go through training so they can understand the process. The process of peer mediation are broken down into six steps where the facilitator has to come up with rules that must be followed, hear both sides of the story, determine if it is the same issue causing the problem, suggest solutions that will fix the problem, make sure solution fits the goal of the outcome, and help dispute agree on a solution (Crawford and Bodine, 23). Classical high school in Lynn, Massachusetts has been using peer mediation program for 14 years now and feel that the program will help decrease violence in schools. The program is very important to the school that students have to put an application in and go through an interview process by the coordinator of the program, Miriam Markowitz to become a mediator. Student who have conflict dispute with one another are brought into a private room where the student mediator tries to resolve their issues by easing the pressure off the disputers to act a certain way if they were around their friends. Classical high school reported a â€Å"90 percent success rate† (Weber, 9). When school is out; kids can keep themselves occupied and out of trouble by going to an after school program. After school program is a safe place where kids are supervised, kept busy to drift them away from negative behaviors like gangs and drugs. A lot of the kids who goes to the after school programs lacks adult guidance, or come from a low income family that the parents are working a 12 hour shift and cannot be around to supervise their every move. The staffs at after school programs don’t just help kids with their homework but they build relationships with them and try to guide them in the right direction (after – school activities and clubs). After school programs are not just programs where kids come to do home works and activities, it is also a place where they learn about gang violence, how to prevent involvement. Council for Unity is an after school program located in Riverhead, New York that was developed by Riverhead high school. The program consist of students from different ethnic backgrounds that come together every Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays to talk about what issues are going on in the community, ways to prevent the violence in their schools and to learn about gang violence prevention. The coordinator, Mr. Desenna ask special guest to come by to talk and educate the kids (Council for Unity). Another after school program that is a major success and has been around since 1988 is Roca located in Chelsea, Massachusetts. Roca is a nonprofit organization that works with young people from ages 14 to 24 to help them stay away from gang, teen pregnancy, being incarcerated and graduate high schools. Roca work very closely with young people who are involved in gangs. Staffs from Roca have a program that they call outreach that consist of them walking the streets and trying to build relationships with the gang members. Most of the staffs have gone through incarceration or is an ex-gang member that has turned their lives around and using their experience to influence youths in a positive way. The program â€Å"helped more than 15,000 young people make positive, profound changes in their lives† (rocain.org) Gang violence in American schools is not going to go away overnight but if efforts are put in like: establishing school uniforms, peer mediation programs and providing more free after school programs, it soon will not be an issue facing the school systems. Having positive young people trying to influence their peers will help tremendously. Works Cited Capozzoli, Thomas, and R. Steve. McVey. Gangs and Schools. Kids Killing Kids: Managing Violence and Gangs in Schools. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie, 2000. 81-82. Print. Council For Unity. Riverhead.net. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. http://www.riverhead.net/html/RHSnewscouncilunity.html. Crawford, Donna, and Richard Bodine. Conflict Resolution Education. Rep. Champaign,IL: Research, 1996. Print. Gaustad, Joan. Gangs.ERIC Digest. Ericdigests.org. 2005. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9216/gangs.htm. Lopez, Rebecca A. The Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative: A Prevention-Strategy for Urban Schools. The Journal of Negro Education 72.4 (2003). The Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative: A Prevention-Strategy for Urban Schools. Web. 31 Mar. 2011. http://elibrary.bigchalk.com.proxy6.noblenet.org/elibweb/elib/do/document. Project, – Key. Roca : Who We Are. Welcome to Roca. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. http://www.rocainc.org/about.php. Skiba, Russel J. Zero To lerance, Zero Evidence. Rep. 2000. Print. Weber, Gretchen. Peace among Peers. The Lynn Educator 2008. Print.

Bilbo Baggins, a True Hero Essay -- Literary Analysis, J.R.R Tolkien

Bilbo Baggins, a True Hero â€Å"I wish I could be a hero!† Many adults in today’s society hear small children wishing they could become heroes. Children wish to be more like heroes for the reason that heroes are the type of people who risk their lives to help others. Throughout history, children have had a positive connotation with the word â€Å"hero.† The heroes many small children talk about are the fictional ones who protect cities from villains: Superman, Batman, Spiderman, and others. However, these are not the only types of heroes in today’s world. Firefighters and policemen are also considered heroes because they save the lives of those in danger. Many adults consider their inspirations to be heroes, such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Michelle Obama. Heroes do not always have to be real; for instance, they can also be literary characters such as Atticus Finch, Jonas, and Odysseus. Heroes, fictional or not, only have one purpose, to help people in need. These motivating people are in the rare category of people who willingly spend their whole lives helping people achieve their dreams. Heroes are the people who unselfishly help people live their lives in a peaceful manner. Many children wish they could become heroes, such as Bilbo Baggins. In The Hobbit, J.R.R Tolkien explores how Bilbo Baggins matures and ultimately becomes a hero. A hero, as stated before, selflessly thinks about others’ well beings before his or her own. Bilbo Baggins, the hobbit who was enlisted to help the dwarves retrieve Thorin’s family treasure, does the same thing when he decides to take matters into his own hands, and end the fight between Thorin, the lake men, and the woodelves. Bilbo decides to give the Arkenstone, a p... ...s. Bilbo is the one that gives the precious Arkenstone to Bard to help stop a war from starting. If it was not for Bilbo’s courage, Thorin would still be fighting for the Arkenstone and might have also been hurt. Bilbo also helps the dwarves by being a good leader and helping them find a way out of Smaug’s lair. Without Bilbo, the dwarves would not have the audacity to try finding a way out of Smaug’s cave. Bilbo, like a real hero, always makes sure that he finishes the task he sets out to do. Without Bilbo, the dwarves would not be able to finish all the tasks that they want to finish. Bilbo is also the reason why the dwarves are still alive. Bilbo saves the dwarves from many different disasters. The disasters range from the spiders to Smaug. Through good or bad, Bilbo has been able to show the characteristics that a real hero should be able to show.

Research Paper on Plato

Abstract Many Philosophers made a difference in society but Plato is perhaps recognized as the most famous. His writings have had a profound effect on people, politics, and the philosophy throughout the centuries. He was a public figure and he made major contributions to society. Plato helped to lay the philosophical foundations of modern culture through his ideas and writings. One of the most philosophical thinkers of Western civilization, Plato is the only author from ancient Greek times whose writings survive intact. His collection consists of thirty-five dialogues and thirteen letters, though the authorship of some is contested.Plato was born in Athens, into a prosperous aristocratic family. His Father’s name was Ariston and his Mother’s name was Perictione. His relative named Glaucon was one of the best-known members of the Athenian nobility. Plato's name was Aristocles, his nickname Plato originates from wrestling circles, Plato means broad, and it probably refers either to his physical appearance or his wrestling style. â€Å"Plato is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the history of philosophy,† (Kraut, 2009).Plato was born during the Golden Age of Athens’s which saw the birth of classical architecture, drama, arts and politics. However, as he was growing up he observed the decline of Athens as a cultural center. He witnessed instances of cruelty, disloyalty, and dishonesty and it was in clear violation of his values. It was also during this time that Plato fell under the influence of Socrates, who engaged the people of Athens in philosophical discussions. â€Å"It was into this bright, sly, worldly atmosphere that Socrates appeared, moving questioningly about the streets of Athens†. Plato 1984). In 339 Socrates was brought to trial and charged with having false Gods and corrupting the youth. Soc rates was found guilty on the charge and was sentenced to death. The execution of Socrates weighed heavily on Plato and he turned away from politics, he thought the behavior of the courts was unjust. He decided not to get involved in political life, instead he decided to leave Athens with other friends of Socrates to travel and study. During his travels he met with all kinds of people and studied not only philosophy but geometry, astronomy, and religious teachings.Socrates was extremely influential to Plato and he was the main character in numerous writings, he was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans. One of the most important goals Plato set for himself was to keep the memory of Socrates alive by recording and bringing about the kind of impact that Socrates had on people. Nearly all of Plato’s work takes the structure of dialogues in which Socrates is usually the main character. One of the goals of a Plato’s dialogue is to engross the reade r in philosophical questions related to the ideas being discussed.The Socrates of the Platonic dialogues is modeled after the real Socrates but it is in part an imaginary character used to impart Platonic themes. Plato’s dialogues are divided into three groups, the early or Socratic dialogues; the dialogues of middle age; and the dialogues of old age. In the early dialogues, Socrates is the main character, but it is generally believed that Plato is expressing his own views. These are the only remaining dialogues of Socrates teachings hence; they are referred to as the Socratic dialogues. In The Apology Socrates was accused of having false gods and corrupting the youth.While on trial Socrates claimed that he was innocent and was not at all wise, â€Å"Men of Athens, I honor and love you; but I shall obey God rather than you, and while I have life and strength I shall never cease from the practice and teaching of philosophy†¦ Understand that I shall never alter my ways, n ot even if I have to die many times. † (Plato 1984). Middle Dialogues During Plato's middle period he wrote the following, Meno, Republic, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. The most important difference between these writings and his earlier works is that he is establishing his own voice in philosophy.In the Meno Plato introduces us to the Socratic idea that no one knowingly does wrong, â€Å"Virtue is the desire of things honourable and the power of attaining them. † Plato (1984). In the Phaedo we become familiar with the platonic doctrine of the Forms; this is where Plato makes a claim as to the immortality of the soul. Plato's most influential work, The Republic, is part of the middle dialogues. It is a discussion of the virtues of justice, courage and wisdom. It addresses the question of how do humans approach living a good life. The dialogue finishes by looking at various forms of government and describing the ideal state.The allegory of the â€Å"Myth of the Cave† is also in The Republic it is an important writing because it contains the main points of his philosophy. It is intended to be a metaphor for education and it explains issues regarding the theory of knowledge. Plato believed one must explore the belief that a greater reality exists. It is through this belief that a person can gain greater insight into true reality and become enlightened. Without it we are like the prisoners of a cave who only see the shadows of objects and live in complete darkness. â€Å"And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened, behold!Human beings living in an underground den† (Plato 1927). It is only through philosophy that we can come out of the cave into the true world. â€Å"Who is best suited to rule the state – lovers of opinion or â€Å"true philosophers†? (Plato 1927) His final years at the Academy he wrote the later dialogues which included the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesmas, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus, and Laws. It should be noted that Socrates has a minor role in these writings. Plato examines his metaphysical theories through these dialogues. He discusses art, dance, music, poetry, drama, and ethics in connection to immortality and the mind.He also dedicates himself to the philosophy of mathematics, politics and religion. Plato argued that women were qualified to play a role in politics and philosophy. In The Republic, Socrates argued that women were as capable as men in pursuit of accomplishments. There is a suggestion that women should be educated for their roles in the class of guardians and possibly work next to men. A woman’s role could be significant in society, but different from a man’s role. Even though Plato believed that women were necessary in a working society, he did not mean he thought women were equals of men.Plato thought that women lacked the strength of men and that women were more suited for other responsibilities in life. â€Å"If women are expected to do the same work as men, we must teach them the same things. † (Plato 1927) The impact of Plato’s work cannot be measured or calculated. His writings had great influence on the entire intellectual development of Western civilization. Despite the fact that Plato did not leave a well-formed, rigid philosophical system he is considered the father for all forms of philosophical idealism and dualism. The object of education is to teach us to love what is beautiful. † (Plato 1984). After he died the Academy continued until AD 529, when it was closed due to its pagan teachings. Neo-Platonism, founded by the 3rd-century philosopher Plotinus, was an important development of Platonism. It was a philosophical system which was as a combination of Platonic, Pythagorean, and Aristotelian elements. Originally it was opposed to Christianity but later on it integrated it. It dominated European thought until the 13th century and re-emerged during the Renaissance.The most important Renaissance Neo-Platonist was â€Å"Marsilio Ficino† who developed significant ideas from Plato and Neo-Platonism. Ficino founded of the Academy in Firenze and was responsible for the circulation of Neo-Platonic ideas. Ficino is credited with translating all of Platos’ dialogues into Latin and produced a great work called Platonic Theology, in which he outlines Neo-Platonism. His philosophy is based on the doctrine that the human soul is the center of the cosmos. It is the only thing that sits between the world of ideas and the world is the soul.Neo-Platonism was revived in the 17th century by the Cambridge Platonists such as Cudworth and Smith. The school stressed the importance of reason, maintaining that faith and reason are not that different. Rene Descartes an 18th century philosopher and Neo-Platonist developed a method to achieve truths. If something is not recognized by the intelle ct or reason can be classified as knowledge. According to Descartes. These truths are gained â€Å"without any sensory experience† (Descartes). He argued that as a result of his method, reason alone determined knowledge and that this could be done independently of the senses. Cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I exist† (Descartes) Plato developed an absolutist ethical theory which is that there is a greater good toward which to aspire. He developed this theory to respond to the skepticism and the beliefs of the Sophists who Plato felt did not preach wisdom, but rather their opinions. Plato tried to protect the part of reasoning in human life though he had resistance from the ancient Greek preachers know as the Sophists. They came from different cities and proclaimed that they were able to impart knowledge to young men how to live prosperous lives.Even though the Sophists did not belong to a school and did not have a common creed, some opinions were typical of them as a group and were absolutely conflicting to the views of Plato. The Sophists were great communicators and skilled public speakers. Plato felt that the Sophists were more likely to appeal to emotions rather than to reason. According to Plato philosophers influence people’s souls not their bodies and Plato agreed with Socrates in thinking that the nurturing of the soul is more vital than the nurturing of the body.Furthermore, he also believed that true leaders need to have wisdom, and knowledge. Plato's influence has been monumental as one philosopher said the history of philosophy is simply â€Å"a series of footnotes to Plato. † (Whitehead) Plato's has been criticized down through the centuries for his philosophy of the forms. His ideas of the just life and an ideal state are complex. Plato tended to specifically ignores much of human nature. Plato did not think in the realm of the physical world, he was always looking to a different one where things exist only if he can prove there existence.References Kraut, R. (2009, Sept) Plato Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/plato; Plato. (1984) Great dialogues of Plato New York: Mentor Books trans. by Benjamin Jowett Blackburn, S. (1945) The republic of Plato. (45 ed. ). London: Oxford University Press, USA. trans. By Desmond Lee Descartes. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-works; Alfred North Whitehead. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/whitehead/

History based on the life of the original Macbeth Essay

Eleventh century Scotland was a violent and troubled country. Family and supposedly loyal friends rebelled against one another for trading and territory purposes. The threats of an enemy invasion or an attack on fortresses were extremely common. Rampant Vikings and local Scottish men raided constantly to weaken and more importantly drive out the stubborn opposing forces that lay in their way. Macbeth was born into this dangerous environment in 1005, son of the victorious family that stamped its authority on ‘Moray’ and ‘Ross’ [significant areas in Scotland]. The family itself betrayed themselves as being loving and caring to one another, however, internally they were scarred mentally, as a consequence of their father’s death who was evidently murdered by his cousins. Macbeth obviously emotionally distracted by his father’s death, concentrated his thoughts on leading a comparatively normal life, supported by ‘Brauch’ his new partner [granddaughter to a ‘High King of Scotland’]. Subsequently they had no children of their own. The present ruler of Scotland was Duncan, an ineffectual and seemingly unpopular person amidst the civil problems. Not surprisingly someone assassinated him at the age of thirty-eight. Historians believe that it may have actually been Macbeth, but there is no conclusive evidence to confirm their theories. Macbeth seized this unique opportunity, and was elected ‘High King of Scotland’ in 1040; he ruled for seventeen years. As predecessor of the reviled Duncan, his first priority during his initial ten years in power, was to bring peace and relative stability to his problematic kingdom, notably he was fairly successful at doing-so; he became a reforming King accordingly. He managed to balance out and annihilate the majority of the negative feelings amongst the population. Unfortunately for him, his greatest and most fatal hurdle materialized in the form Duncan’s son Malcolm, who was absolutely determined to take control of Scotland. He ingeniously invaded the region in 1054, aided by the English King ‘Edward the Confessor’. Macbeth himself was brutally exterminated on the 15th of August 1057 at ‘Peel Ring Lumphanan’ in ‘Mar’. He was buried at Iona, respectively; the sacred burial place of the Kings of Scotland. Was this epic period of Scottish History the basis for Shakespeare ‘Macbeth’? Shakespeare was a talented playwright, not a historian. However, the past provides an excellent source for basing a flourishing play. It is exciting factual material with which [if one is intellectually sound], can modify and adapt to conjure up maximum dramatic effect and a truly brilliant and entertaining ‘stage production’. Historical evidence bestows writers with a fruitful background; an imaginative base on which one can construct a sophisticated plot that entices the audience’s mind, body and soul. For Shakespeare this would have been incredibly difficult to originate, hence the gathering below the rostrum; that were either damn right rude or absolutely sloshed. Indeed, it is true to say that some of his dramas were not as appreciated or dominant, fortunately Macbeth proved different, and would be a prevailing theatrical production for hundreds of years. Shakespeare was an independent character, one who thrived on his own personal achievement, and one who was not afraid to alter and develop certain features regarding a story to accomplish ultimate dramatic effect. The epicentre of Macbeth pivoted around the eleventh century ancestors; he obviously acknowledged the great potential in these characters. He evidently thought it necessary to convert, invent and abolish particular characteristics surrounding the events of eleventh century Scotland. He established ‘Lady Macbeth’s’ sleepwalking and death, the banquet scene and Banquo’s ghost, and most of the cauldron scene. With a little imagination and adaptation he reversed King Duncan’s nasty personality into a loved and greatly appreciated ‘role model’. He also eliminated Macbeth’s ten years of good rule to make the scenario and atmosphere more effective; everything he purposely altered was in the interest of the play. Interestingly, King James I was in power, when Shakespeare first presented Macbeth in 1603. I personally find this rather intriguing, because the actual storyline consists of many of King James’s personal comforts and interests. It is obvious that King James was a superior influence on the outcome of the play; he helps to conjure up some fruitful inspiration for Shakespeare; this, and the colourful Scottish pass times, provides a feast of information and ideas for Shakespeare to weave his magic upon. He gratefully accepted this priceless gift, and transformed it into one of the greatest tragedies this world has literally ever experienced. What message is Shakespeare trying to get across? I feel it important for one and me to understand that the play is meaningfully founded on the ‘corruption of power’. Although the supernatural, fascinating individuals and mysterious undertakings create a unique atmosphere to the play, the nucleus consists off events that revolve around the abuse of power. It is true to say that this is present and happening in our modern society, take ‘Hitler’ for example. He was a dictator who possessed a lethal amount of power, he used it to brainwash people, so that he could do what he wanted. He started by wiping out an entire race, known as the ‘Jews’; he and his fixation to be in control was a major factor in triggering the Second World War. A comparison can be made between him and Macbeth, both of which abused their authority. Shakespeare is trying to get this eminent message across to his viewers. Witchcraft and Murderous Schemes. If one is familiar with the tragedy, one will know that Shakespeare wrote and directed it, at a time in which murders and witchcraft were everyday issues. In fact, the majority of the general public seriously believed and feared the paranormal universe, so much so, individuals who were thought to be actual witches were tried, tested and eventually killed. During this time, ‘witch mania’ reached terrifying proportions; hundreds of innocent people [usually women] were condemned to immediate execution, without an adequate assessment. As anticipated, a small minority were against this mass persecution, but they and their justifiable opinions were suffocated without due consideration by the bulk of the general public. Essay Targets. Macbeth has complicated plots that comprise of numerous acts and scenes. I am attempting to devise an essay focusing on three specific scenes. The essay is to be written in a ‘director’s point of view’ – as if I was to direct these three selected scenes: Act I, Scene 3. Act I, Scene 5. Act 5, Scene 5. I feel that these three scenes collectively describe the basic tale and downfall of Macbeth himself. Act I, Scene 3 – meets the witches, which influences his decision to kill the king. Act I, Scene 5 – Lady Macbeth plots to kill Duncan herself and confides her thoughts in Macbeth. Act 5, Scene 5 – As a consequence of his murders, everything has come back to haunt him. He is about to be attacked by the English army, and inevitably faces the decisive punishment for his sins†¦ Death!!! I deem each scene to be off substantial importance, all independently help to develop and illustrate the overall narrative too. Unquestionably, each one has to be directed appropriately, to attain the audiences’ concentration, and to merely get them philosophizing about the story. An enthralling location is also absolutely necessary, the audience needs to be encapsulated by the setting and circumstances. The following essay denotes each scene autonomously, and expresses my feelings and points of view on how I should direct and conduct all three scenes to achieve a stunning atmosphere to mesmerize and amaze the spectators. My main objective is to manipulate selected characters and transform their personality and temperament to improve the play and exaggerate the horror theme. The fact that Shakespeare himself, left no stage directions leaves the doorway open for any willing direct to interpret the actual play, as he/she wants. Over the centuries, several producers have devised their own technique and developed the plot to create their own translation of the enigmatic ventures of the Scottish hierarchy. I have committed my play and essay to a ‘film production’. I have chosen to adopt this particular method, because I feel that it would fit perfectly into a modern day movie, which has the funds and technology to support graphic and suitable special effects. I have observed a modern day interpretation of the play; it was staged on a rough Birmingham estate. For some bizarre reason though, the actors referred to the direct text, but conveyed them in a ‘Brummie’ accent; this was literally diabolical. It simply did not complement Shakespeare’s’ erratic language, the pronunciation was awful- quite positively negative. I on the other hand deem it more appropriate to compose the epic tale of Macbeth’s downfall in its indigenous and traditional generation. Director’s point of view for Act I, Scene 3. Summary of scene: Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches, Macbeth is returning from the battle with his gallant companion and hearty Scottish nobleman, Banquo. Their journey back to the King’s camp takes them over a deserted heath. Here, the witches lie in wait for them, talking as they generally do about an evil spell they have cast upon one unfortunate person. The mist clears Macbeth and Banquo unexpectedly see the witches. They demand that these creatures: ‘so wither’d and so wild in their attire’, explain who they are. When the witches speak, they greet Macbeth as ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and predict that he’ll become king. To Banquo they foretell ‘Your heirs will be kings, although you will not’, they then disappear, before a bewildered and perplexed Macbeth can inquire about their prophecies. I feel it compulsory to point out that this scene is the penultimate in the opening trio, therefore a lot of planning and thought has gone into directing it, hence the fact it’s considerably longer than the other two scenes. Uncharacteristically, I have chosen to direct the third scene instead of the first. Respectively both are of great significance to the outcome of the play, but the third introduces the witches, their first apparition, Macbeth and Banquo. Like the opening scene, this one needs to be just as effective to conquer the audiences’ awareness. In this scene the witches encourage Macbeth to believe that he is invulnerable and indestructible. The intereference of the witches influence Macbeth’s actions; he immediately considers to commit ‘regicide’ against King Duncan ‘ If good, why do I yield to that suggestion/ Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair/ And make my seated heart knock at my ribs/ Against the use of nature’? These four sentences help to describe Macbeth’s feelings, he is basically thinking about the proposed murder, he does this by making references to certain features on his body. For example, your heart pounds when you’re excited or nervous. Macbeth having possession of all the confidence in the world as a consequence of the witches’ predictions and the recent victory in the exasperating battle fears no one. I find it hard to appreciate the reliance and dependence confined in the witches and their prophecies by Macbeth; after all they are absolute strangers. This is why I’ve chosen to portray the witches as attractive housewives, hopefully this will make the scene more believable, because men are easily dominated and controlled by beautiful, seductive mistresses. This needs to apprehend the audience’s interest, so that they can acknowledge the circumstances and understand what’s actually happening. I will set the play on a desolate, open stretch of countryside. It will be nighttime with a low and eerie fog making visibility poor. This will intensify the atmosphere, because the audience will instinctively be weary of the surroundings and the mysterious environment. The witches, Macbeth and Banquo are all dominant and important characters, thus meaning they need to be familiarized and introduced, so the audience recognizes who they are later on in the film. The scene will get underway with Macbeth and Banquo strolling over the motionless fields, discussing the eventful battle, although you will not be able to hear them, because only a sinister genre of music will be heard. They are going to be dressed in war-like clothes; therefore the audience will directly associate them with a battle of some description. In the near distance a lonely farm building will stand [the audience obviously noticing this, should already be imagining what’s in it and are Macbeth and Banquo going to go there]? The interior of the barn will be exceptionally gloomy, but in the far corner three ugly hags are going to be highlighted by specifically positioned lightning. The witches are severely deformed, to leave the audience feeling astonished and expectantly physically sick! The witches will speak in macabre tone of voice, whilst speaking to one another. Their wicked conversations will consist off evil material e.g. ‘Killing swine/ and like a rat without a tail/ Here I have a pilot’s thumb, wrecked as homeward he did come’. The presence of the witches and their repulsive words is a created stimulus that makes the play a great deal more engaging, therefore the overall production benefits and improves considerably. Their physical appearance and cursed lines keep the audience hooked, simultaneously the supernatural element increases the suspense with every scary sound and disgusting illustration produced or described by the witches. Macbeth and Banquo feeling exhausted from their tiresome day will seek deserved refuge beneath the suspicious looking dwelling. The tension and suspense will certainly be enhanced amongst the audience obviously fearing the couplets safety as they cautiously enter. However, they will be treated to a pleasant surprise, this is due to the sexy figures gathered in the corner of the room. Using contemporary technology and realistic special effects, the hideous threesome will magically be converted into gorgeous bitches! The transformed witches disguised as randy and bored housewives will [without doubt], outstand and arouse the audience together with Macbeth and Banquo. This is known as ‘dramatic irony’, when the watchers know something that the characters don’t. The witches dressed in a low, red cut top [showing an outrageous amount of cleavage] will immediately greet the dazed Macbeth and Banquo with verses of factual information and weird prophecies. The amorous ladies will speak in a confident, persuasive, but somewhat devious tone of voice, thus causing the men in the room to absorb these queer predictions. The audience would accept the witches’ original nature and accept the fact that beautiful seductive women are able to force gullible/intelligent men to believe in them and their words. Obviously, Macbeth and Banquo will be confused and amazed, but in some sense enthusiastic about the apparition. As they attempt to verbally challenge the witches, the room will suddenly become silenced, with them both pondering their recent experience, the atmosphere again changes though, as Ross and Angus storm into the equation. Ross and Angus stunned to find their chums under these certain circumstances try to regurgitate the report sent by the king. Gradually, as Ross explains the situation to Macbeth and Banquo [regarding the former ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and him being sentenced to death for treason against the king], the witches’ prophecy is beginning to unfold. Therefore Macbeth needs to act in an astounded manner, altering his body language and facial expressions accordingly best shows this. Macbeth has chosen to renovate his character, and so he keeps his feelings and thoughts to himself. This is aptly shown as he speaks to the audience alone [aside]. His soliloquy refers to and describes his ambition. The prophecy that was revealed by the witches brings a broad temptation to Macbeth that had been his secret all along for being a king, for example: ‘ My thought, whose murder yet is but fanastical’. This purely indicates Macbeth’s great ambition, he is already thinking about killing Duncan. If the audience is reasonably clever, they will detect this too. Another distinctive line is ‘Nothing is, but what is not’. He is referring to the recent events, commenting on the sensational proceedings. During this scene the plot is potentially discovered, it helps to entangle and trigger off the storyline. Although the words are enormously imperative, the characters and their actions are equally significant, in conjunction with one another, the audience understand what’s going on. The scene will end with Macbeth and Banquo standing side by side, contemplating their prosperous future. The camera will zoom in on Macbeth and his cunning visions of murdering Duncan. Unlike Banquo, who is triumphantly imaging his sons being crowned, with him in the background looking on proudly, crying sweet tears of joy? Director’s point of view for Act I, Scene 5. Brief summary of scene: In this scene Lady Macbeth plans a murder. She lives at home in there castle at Inverness. Lady Macbeth has received a letter from her husband; in it he tells her about the witches prophecies. She is interrupted as a messenger arrives telling her of the king’s visit. She realises that this is the golden opportunity to kill Duncan, the king. Her treacherous thoughts are kept to herself, unlike Macbeth who suppresses them. She makes her mind up that the murder must be committed that night. When Macbeth arrives at the castle ahead of the king, she exclaims convincingly that she has arranged everything. Lady Macbeth is the second most dominant influence on Macbeth. As soon as Lady Macbeth learns of the words spoken by the weird sisters, she instantaneously analyses Macbeth’s future i.e. if Duncan were killed, Macbeth and her could acquire Scotland. She vigorously studies the letter and assesses the situation, considering the best and most suitable option to chose, in order to bring her eagerly awaited success. If I were to direct this scene, I would set it in Lady Macbeth’s chamber; this is because bedrooms tend to be a solemn place of privacy and security. The bedroom is to be very grand and ornate, with elaborate walls, preferably in a blood-red colour, this is to emphasis the theme of blood that runs throughout the play. Lady Macbeth dressed in her sexy, soft; silky nighttime gown will try to interpret the epistle relaxing on her mahogany ‘four poster bed’. Under a quiet, pleasant piece of music, Lady Macbeth’s voice is to be sounded above the music, reading out the letter to herself, she will also over exaggerate particular words and phrases, which depict Macbeth’s thoughts. Whilst peacefully examining the letter, succeeding in comprehending it, she will act in a attentive fashion. As the production is a film, I have decided to include visual images of Lady Macbeth’s perceptions of the letter. When reading it, there will be metaphors of Lady Macbeth conjuring up pictures of her and Macbeth sitting gloriously on the throne, with hundreds of spectators gathered below, robustly singing their praises. To accompany this ceremony, a victorious composition will engulf it, however, these false celebrations will be disrupted as she resumes normality awoken by an attendant. Things could just not get any better for Lady Macbeth; the attendant brings delightful news concerning Macbeth’s and Duncan’s arrival. The supernatural is again underlined and called upon, this time by Lady Macbeth. She forms an imaginary conversation with the evil spirits, asking them to assist her murderous plans: ‘Come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here’. When the conversation commences, Lady Macbeth is going to gaze up at the ceiling and perform actions with her hands where appropriate e.g. ‘Come to my woman’s breasts’ she will be clenching her bosoms as she speaks. Again, faded scenes of wicked witches will corrupt her mind, these will then turn into vivid images of her viciously stabbing Duncan to death with a decorative candlestick, as he sleeps. You will then he totally horrified by her face speckled with distinctive spots of blood. Another will then immediately follow this bloodcurdling incident; her menacing eyes will stare at you, threatening you, frightening you!!! With an ounce of luck, the audience will be completely petrified, thus achieving maximum dramatic effect. Over pictures of gruesome violence, a terrorizing sample of music will be heard. During Lady Macbeth’s deceitful outburst, many references to blood, light and dark and hell are made e.g. ‘Come thick night, and pull these in the durnest smoke of HELL’. All of these factors exaggerate the horror theme and atmosphere. Macbeth then enters the bedroom, instantly Lady Macbeth [being the scheming bovine she is], craftily asks her partner [when he claims that Duncan is coming] ‘and when goes hence?’ In other words when is he going, so I know when to conduct his brutal surcease? Being a woman in all, she is able to change nature and personality whenever she feels it obligatory to fool or persuade Macbeth. Subsequently, she goes on, to subtly describe about disguise: ‘To beguile the time, look like the time/ look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t’. She is relating these lines to the killing of Duncan, in such away that the audience and Macbeth cannot really appreciate or indeed realize. I would instruct Lady Macbeth to deliver these disloyal words in a convincing way, almost as if she’s reassuring Macbeth about the murder. Macbeth does actually distinguish Lady Macbeth’s words, but he fails to comment on them, instead he ignores her, and demands to talk at a later date. By this time, the murder is already almost complete. Directors point of view for Act 5, Scene 5. Brief summary of scene: Macbeth prepares for battle, is busy setting up defenses all around Dunsinane Castle. Most of his noblemen and soldiers have rebelled and joined the other side, but he is certain he cannot be beaten or not until ‘Birnam Forest’ comes to ‘Dunsinane’ [as a consequence of the witches new appairitions]. What he does not know is that his enemies have agreed to meet at ‘Birnam Wood’. When the soldiers gather there, each one is given the branch of a tree to camouflage them as they move forward to launch an attack. As he is organizing for the battle, he thinks how meaningless life is. Just then, a messenger announces that Birnam wood appears to move. After the initial murder of Duncan, Macbeth persists in his violent actions and continues to kill more, in an attempt to become ruler of everyone and everything north of the border. Once the first the killing took place, the ball started rolling and unfortunately did not stop, that is up till now. Macbeth is facing unavoidable death, the ultimate punishment for his many sins; his castle at Dunsinane is surrounded with him at the epicentre amongst the entire calamity, but yet he still have faith in the witches predictions, and why not? The witches prophecies and apparitions have so far proved correct, significantly, the prediction concerning Macbeth’s mortality: ‘No man on earth shall harm him’, is about to prove incorrect. However, the arrogant Macbeth seriously supposes himself imperishable, consequently fearing no one. He is undisputedly emotionless this is shown in line 9: ‘I have almost forgot the taste of fears’, clearly his mental state is severely befuddled, his aspiration has got him where he is and under these particular state of affairs, he cannot turn back the clock, he simply has to face the penalty of his slaughterous actions. Remarkably, he does not sense any guilt either; instead he concentrates his efforts on the seemingly impossible encounter ahead. Even when is once loved wife dies, he fails to physically react, he simply gathers his thoughts and feelings and distributes them into a touching paragraph; yes, even the audience cannot help to feel for the desolate Macbeth. He once walked upon lifeless stretches of open countryside accompanied by his dearest friend Banquo, now he is the dirt on which his predecessors and countless enemies tread. This scene resembles Macbeth’s uncomfortable position, and his feelings; it needs to be incredibly effective to achieve the right atmosphere and tension. A more suitable location could not have been selected; the castle at Dunsinane is the perfect setting under such awkward circumstances. With the castle encircled and the defeated, lonesome, loathed figure stranded at the centre, the scene is an awesome opportunity for a willing director like myself to challenge. The scene will commence with an aerial view of the castle and the environment engulfing it, the audience will now understand Macbeth’s situation. Thousands of infantry will be advancing towards the castle under the natural camouflage off tree branches, a strong drum beat intentionally heard by the audience, will encourage the soldiers to move forwards. Meanwhile, Macbeth seeking what he considers to be relative safety in the castle will burst onto the scene in an aggressive manner. A room sited at the top of the castle [overlooking their boundaries], will suddenly be animated as the door flies open with a terrific thud, followed by a apprehensive Macbeth, Seyton and three rather nervously looking soldiers. A window foreseeing the countryside ahead and the moving woodland will be an important feature in the room, this is because Macbeth will stand in front of it [with his back against the opening], facing the anxious congregation organized below. Macbeth dressed in his gleaming armour tries to rally his troops by expressing valiant words of defiance: ‘Our castle’s strength will laugh a siege to scorn; here let them lie till famine and the ague eat them up.’ This successfully illustrates his current state of mind, he is positive and thinks that he and their stronghold will hold out against the enemy, the audience should sense this by listening to the tone in which he conveys his words; he will do so in a self-assured and powerful manner. During his defiant speech, a high-pitched squeal will be heard, immediately the audience and Macbeth will demand to know what it actually was. Seyton acknowledges that it was a cry of women. Macbeth reflects in a ‘sorry’ tone, his emotions; the way in which he delivers these might effect the audiences opinion of him. The audience realizes that he was once a good fellow, who fought bravely and cared for ones close, they should almost feel a bit of sympathy towards him, but then they compare him to the coward he has become, one who deserves everything coming his way [that is in the form of an entire army, seeking revenge for the futile murders he has committed]. Seyton informs Macbeth that it was his wife ‘Lady Macbeth’. Once more Macbeth expresses his thoughts on the matter, almost as if he is looking back and regretting his actions. The audience will be able to identify the real Macbeth again, as he comments upon ones’ life, comparing it to ‘Lady Macbeth’s’ and his. The atmosphere at this point will be depressive, due to Macbeth’s sorrowful words. However, the mood will revolutionize on the arrival of a messenger bringing shocking, but inevitable news. I will instruct the messenger to act in a stunned manner; he will also find it increasingly more difficult to tell Macbeth of the moving forest, approaching them at a rapid pace. Macbeth purposely rejects this news: ‘Liar and slave!’ even though he knows full well that there true, because the witches told him so. At this meticulous moment, a flashback will occur, this will consist of haunted reminiscences of the raunchy women retelling the third apparition stating: ‘Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him.’ In other words, you will never be hurt or even destroyed until Birnam Wood moves towards Dunsinane [this will help to remind the audience about the apparition]. When Macbeth resumes regularity, he will again, persist in not believing the messengers words of truth, perhaps he does not want to believe them, because he knows that the end is near. Regardless of this, he has come too far, and so he will fight to the very last second. At the conclusion of his final dialogue in the scene, he will turn to observe the view outside, noticing an entire wood gradually moving closer, this signifying that his death is exceptionally near, a vacant expression on his countenance will demonstrate this completely.